The frontiers of the Roman Empire were protected by mighty fortifications. The legions stationed along these border installations helped to spread Roman culture. Architectural monuments are visible testimony to the Roman presence in all of Rome's provinces. The Roman legal system has persisted in Europe to the present day. Following the decline of the western Roman Empire in 476, it was not until the end of the 8th century that the Franconian Emperor Charlemagne, also known as the "Father of Europe", united many of the former Roman provinces once again into a major empire.
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